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Classification of bainite, a common microstructure in steel

Bainite is essentially an integrated structure that is an organic combination of bainitic ferrite and θ-cementite (or ε-carbide). The structure often contains inclusions of residual austenite, martensite and other phases. The constituent phases are numerous and the morphology is variable. Upper bainite forms in the higher temperature region, while lower bainite forms in the lower temperature region below the "nose temperature". The main differences in the microstructure between the two are the morphology of the bainitic ferrite and the morphology and precipitation location of the carbides.

2025

Summary Table of Domestic and International Steel Grades for Practical Special Steels

View the domestic and foreign steel grade cross-reference table for practical special steel

2025

Complete Conversion Formulas and Analysis of Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, and Knoop Hardness

In the machinery industry, whether it's production, sales, or technical personnel, it is necessary to come into contact with different material hardness. Sometimes the hardness representation methods are different, requiring mutual conversion. However, most people cannot handle this. Today, Metal Processing editors have compiled this information, hoping to provide some help to machinery professionals. We also hope you can share it on your social media. Conversion between different types of indentation hardness: In practical applications, the hardness obtained may be from several different testing methods. For easy comparison, different hardness values need to be converted. The Metal Processing WeChat account has good content, worth checking out.

2025

Classification of heat treatment equipment

The working principle of heat treatment equipment mainly involves the heat treatment process of metals, which is to heat metal workpieces in a certain medium to a suitable temperature, and after maintaining it at this temperature for a certain period of time, cool it at different speeds. By changing the microstructure of the metal material surface or interior to control its properties, such as improving the internal organization of the metal, controlling uneven organization and residual stress, changing the machinability of steel, improving surface hardness and wear resistance, etc.

2025

One copy per person, Heat Treatment Shop Heat Treatment Operation Instructions

This regulation applies to the heat treatment of carbon structural steel, alloy structural steel, carbon tool steel, and general alloy tool steel in the heat treatment workshop. 1. Furnace Matching for Heat Treatment Furnace matching is a crucial step in ensuring the quality of heat treatment. Improper furnace matching will significantly affect the quality of heat treatment and should be given special attention. The following factors should generally be considered: 1) The type of heat treatment should be considered first. Select annealing, normalizing, quenching, and tempering according to the chemical composition of the workpiece, and match the furnace for the same type of heat treatment. When matching furnaces for different types of heat treatment, analyze the entire heat treatment process of all materials and organize the operation sequence reasonably.

2016

Pearlite transformation in hypoeutectoid (or hypereutectoid) steel, a common microstructure in steel

Pearlite Transformation and Microstructure of Hypoeutectoid Steel The pearlite transformation in hypereutectoid steel is basically similar to that in eutectoid steel, but the precipitation of proeutectoid ferrite (or cementite) must be considered. (1) Hypereutectoid Transformation When the austenite of hypereutectoid composition is undercooled to the hypereutectoid region, it can decompose directly into a mechanical mixture of ferrite and cementite without precipitating the proeutectoid phase. The decomposition mechanism and the microstructure of the decomposition products are exactly the same as those of the pearlite transformation, but the amounts of ferrite and cementite are different from those in pearlite. The transformation product is called hypereutectoid structure, which is generally still called pearlite.

2016

Transformation kinetics of pearlite, a common microstructure in steel

Kinetic characteristics of pearlite transformation: There is an incubation period before the transformation begins; at a certain temperature, the transformation rate has a maximum value as time increases; as the transformation temperature decreases, the incubation period of P transformation has a minimum value, at which point the transformation is fastest; the influence of alloying elements is significant. Kinetic study of pearlite transformation: The nucleation rate is determined by three factors: Firstly, the volume free energy, i.e., the driving force of phase transformation ΔG*; Secondly, the activation energy Q of atomic migration; Thirdly, the degree of supercooling ΔT. The relationship between nucleation rate N and transformation time: When the transformation temperature is constant, the nucleation of pearlite transformation

2016

What is the difference between the heat transfer coefficient and the thermal conductivity?

The heat transfer coefficient was formerly known as the overall heat transfer coefficient. Current national standards have unified the name to heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient K value refers to the amount of heat transferred per 1 square meter in 1 hour under stable heat transfer conditions, with a temperature difference of 1 degree (K, ℃) between the air on both sides of the enclosure structure. The unit is watts per square meter-degree (W/㎡·K, where K can be replaced by ℃). The thermal conductivity refers to the amount of heat transferred per 1 square meter in 1 hour under stable heat transfer conditions, with a temperature difference of 1 degree (K, ℃) between the surfaces of a 1m thick material. The unit is watts per meter-degree (W/m•K, where K can be replaced by ℃).

2016

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